NASA's Swift satellite made the cosmic find last month when it detected a new and rapidly brightening X-ray source a few degrees from the galactic center of the Milky Way. Astronomers identified the outburst as a short-lived bright X-ray nova, which is produced when a stream of gas rushes toward either a neutron star or a black hole. Unlike a supernova, which is the explosive death of a star, novas are smaller explosions that do not completely destroy a star.
The black hole is thought to be 20,000 to 30,000 light-years away in the galaxy's inner region. Astronomers, who named the bright X-ray nova Swift J1745-26 after its coordinates in space, said witnessing such an event is rare.
'Bright X-ray novae are so rare that they're essentially once-a-mission events and this is the first one Swift has seen,' Neil Gehrels, of NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Md., said in a statement. 'This is really something we've been waiting for.' [Stealth Black Hole Revealed by Nova (Video)]
At its peak in high-energy X-rays on Sept. 18, the nova reached an intensity equivalent to that of the Crab Nebula. While these rays dimmed, the nova brightened in lower-energy emissions detected by Swift's X-ray Telescope through at least the beginning of October, according to NASA.
Additional observations suggested that a black hole was at the center of this radiation flare-up.
'The pattern we're seeing is observed in X-ray novae where the central object is a black hole,' Boris Sbarufatti, an astrophysicist from Milan's Brera Observatory who currently is working with the Swift team, said in an Oct. 5 NASA statement. 'Once the X-rays fade away, we hope to measure its mass and confirm its black hole status.'
The Swift team believes the black hole is part of a low-mass X-ray binary system, in which gas flows from a star into a disk around the black hole, spiraling inward and heating up greatly as it heads toward the center.
But a cosmic glitch can disrupt the steady flow of gas and cause it to accumulate in the outer portion of the disk like water behind a dam, according to NASA scientists. After enough gas has built up (often over several decades), the disk can switch to a hotter, more ionized state that sends the gas rushing toward the center of the black hole, creating the X-ray nova.
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